原文:Of course, simulations and projections made with ecosystem models are no better than the data and assumptions used to develop the models. Ecologists must do careful field and laboratory research to get baseline data, or beginning measurements of variables being studied. They also must determine the relationships among key variables that they will use to develop and test ecosystem models.
譯文: 當然,用生態系統製造模型的類比和預測是沒用的,數據和假設過去常常發展模型. 生態學家必須做仔細的領域和實驗室研究所得之基線數據,或者開始研究這些可變量的大小. 他們也必須確定他們將使用的主要變數之間的關係,發展並測試生態系統模型.
2008年11月7日 星期五
潮流也要做環保
心得: 在這次演講中,史丹利主要在跟我們大家分享與傳達即使在追逐世界的潮流中亦能兼顧環保的理念! 他秀給我們大家看很多他從世界各地所收集的資料以及圖片,包括了環保T-shirt,袋子,還有許許多多用天然物質去結合的創意,例如: 燈泡,盆栽, 隱藏式的筷子與女人愛用的小飾品等等......這些環保的創意有很多都是我從未去思考過的! 很感謝史丹利先生給我們大家傳達了此一理念! 我想環境保護不是光靠我一個人就可以完成的, 我想, 我們想要怎樣的明天, 今天我們就要立刻動手去實踐,在地球暖化,糧食危機,M型社會的衝擊下,『綠色思考』才是掌握未來競爭優勢的關鍵, 必須要由大家一起努力,我們大家才能擁有下一波成長的遠景！
作業 3-1 ～ 3-7
3-1 What is ecology?
Cells are the basic units of life.All organisms are composed of cells : the smallest and most fundamental structural and functional units of life.Organisms may consist of a single cell or plants and animals that contain huge numbers of cells.Species make up the encyclopedia of life. A species is a group of similar organisms that generally resemble one another in their appearance,behavior,chemistry,and genetic makeup.
翻譯: 細胞是生活基本的單位 。所有有機體由細胞組成 : 生活最小和最根本的結構和功能部件 。包含細胞的巨大數目的有機體也許包括單細胞或植物和動物種類编辑百科全書的生活。種類是通常互相類似在他們的出現、行為、化學和基因構成上的一個小組相似的有機體。
3-2What keeps us and other organisms alive?
Scientific studies reveal that the earth's life-support system consists of four main spherical systems that interact with one another-the atmosphere,the hydrosphere,the geosphere,and the biosphere.The atmosphere is a thin spherical envelope of gases surrounding the earth's surface.The geosphere consists of the earth's intensely hot core,a thick mantle composed mostly of rock,and a thin outer crust.
維持生物生存主要有4種組成:氣圈.水圈.地圈.生物圈氣圈:78%是氮氣.21%是氧氣.1%是其他氣體..還分有對流層.平流層等..水圈:不只有液體 水蒸氣也是 而海占全球71%地圈:有炎熱的地核和很多石頭組成的地殼生物圈:綜合所有的組成空氣.水.土壤.生物等...
3-3What are the major components of an ecosystem?
所有的生物可分為生產者、消費者、分解者。1.生產者指的是植物、綠藻等，這些物質能行光合作用生產營養物，將二氧化碳轉變成葡萄糖、水來使用。2.消費者只我們這些必須藉攝食才能產生營養物的生物，可分為吃生產者的草食性動物也是初級消費者、吃消費著的肉食性動物，二級消費者以上、都能吃的雜食性動物3.分解者是將所有物質分解，將所有物質重新放回大自然。生態系包含了有生命的生物跟無生命的物質(水、空氣、泥土、營養物、太陽能)。不同的生態系存在著不同種的生物，生物們的生活方式也會不同，每種族群在生態系裡都有一定的環境忍耐度，好的環境就增高了他們的環境忍耐度。不好的環境，任耐度就會比較低，因為土地有限、食物和無機物也有限，導致族群們無法無限制的繁殖，只能達到固定的數量。
3-4What is biodiversity and why is it important?
生物的多樣性大抵分為四種: 功能多樣性、地形多樣性、基因多樣性、物種的多樣性1.功能多樣性，食物網使能量、營養物可以傳遞給每種生物而形成循環2.地形多樣性，在不同的地表，生物們有不同的生活方式3.基因多樣性，雖然是同物種，但基因上稍有不同，而產生出族群裡的個體們也有些許的不同4.物種的多樣性，物種們藉由身體的構造不同而產生不同種的生活方式。
3-5What happens to energy in an ecosystem?
生態系統中能量怎麼了?生態系統裡的能量包含食物鏈和食物網,食物鏈和食物網是息息相關的.食物鏈和食物網顯示生產者.消費者和分解者之間如何由一個連結到另一個之間的關係.
3-6What happens to matter in matter in an ecosystem?
生態系統中的物質傳遞是怎麼發生的？生態系統理存在多種不同物質循環。元素及化合物所組成的營養物，在空氣、水、土地、岩石以及生物間循環，稱為營養循環。另外常見的還有水循環、炭循環以及氮循環
3-7How do scientists study ecosystems?
Scientists use field research,laboratory research,and mathematical and other models to learn about ecosystems.科學家們利用實地調研，實驗室研究，數學模型和其他模型，了解生態系統。＊Some scientists study ecosystems in the laboratory.一些科學家研究生態系統在實驗室裡。During the past 50 years,ecologists have increasingly supplemented field research by using laboratory research to set up,observe,and make measurements of model ecosystems and populations under laboratory conditions.在過去50年來，生態學家越來越多的補充實地研究利用實驗室研究設立，觀察，並進行測量模式的生態系統和人口在實驗室條件下進行。＊Some scientists use models to simulate ecosystems.一些科學家利用模型模擬生態系統。Since the late 1960s,ecologists have developes mathematical and other models that simulate ecosystems.自1960年代末期以來，生態學家已經發育的數學模型和其他模型模擬生態系統。＊We need to learn more about the health of the world's ecosystems.我們需要更多地了解健康的世界生態系統。We need baseline data on the condition of world's ecosystems to see how they are changing and to develop effective strategies for preventing or slowing their degradation.我們需要的基準數據的狀況，世界上的生態系統，看看它們如何變化，並制定有效的戰略，以防止或減緩其退化。
Cells are the basic units of life.All organisms are composed of cells : the smallest and most fundamental structural and functional units of life.Organisms may consist of a single cell or plants and animals that contain huge numbers of cells.Species make up the encyclopedia of life. A species is a group of similar organisms that generally resemble one another in their appearance,behavior,chemistry,and genetic makeup.
翻譯: 細胞是生活基本的單位 。所有有機體由細胞組成 : 生活最小和最根本的結構和功能部件 。包含細胞的巨大數目的有機體也許包括單細胞或植物和動物種類编辑百科全書的生活。種類是通常互相類似在他們的出現、行為、化學和基因構成上的一個小組相似的有機體。
3-2What keeps us and other organisms alive?
Scientific studies reveal that the earth's life-support system consists of four main spherical systems that interact with one another-the atmosphere,the hydrosphere,the geosphere,and the biosphere.The atmosphere is a thin spherical envelope of gases surrounding the earth's surface.The geosphere consists of the earth's intensely hot core,a thick mantle composed mostly of rock,and a thin outer crust.
維持生物生存主要有4種組成:氣圈.水圈.地圈.生物圈氣圈:78%是氮氣.21%是氧氣.1%是其他氣體..還分有對流層.平流層等..水圈:不只有液體 水蒸氣也是 而海占全球71%地圈:有炎熱的地核和很多石頭組成的地殼生物圈:綜合所有的組成空氣.水.土壤.生物等...
3-3What are the major components of an ecosystem?
所有的生物可分為生產者、消費者、分解者。1.生產者指的是植物、綠藻等，這些物質能行光合作用生產營養物，將二氧化碳轉變成葡萄糖、水來使用。2.消費者只我們這些必須藉攝食才能產生營養物的生物，可分為吃生產者的草食性動物也是初級消費者、吃消費著的肉食性動物，二級消費者以上、都能吃的雜食性動物3.分解者是將所有物質分解，將所有物質重新放回大自然。生態系包含了有生命的生物跟無生命的物質(水、空氣、泥土、營養物、太陽能)。不同的生態系存在著不同種的生物，生物們的生活方式也會不同，每種族群在生態系裡都有一定的環境忍耐度，好的環境就增高了他們的環境忍耐度。不好的環境，任耐度就會比較低，因為土地有限、食物和無機物也有限，導致族群們無法無限制的繁殖，只能達到固定的數量。
3-4What is biodiversity and why is it important?
生物的多樣性大抵分為四種: 功能多樣性、地形多樣性、基因多樣性、物種的多樣性1.功能多樣性，食物網使能量、營養物可以傳遞給每種生物而形成循環2.地形多樣性，在不同的地表，生物們有不同的生活方式3.基因多樣性，雖然是同物種，但基因上稍有不同，而產生出族群裡的個體們也有些許的不同4.物種的多樣性，物種們藉由身體的構造不同而產生不同種的生活方式。
3-5What happens to energy in an ecosystem?
生態系統中能量怎麼了?生態系統裡的能量包含食物鏈和食物網,食物鏈和食物網是息息相關的.食物鏈和食物網顯示生產者.消費者和分解者之間如何由一個連結到另一個之間的關係.
3-6What happens to matter in matter in an ecosystem?
生態系統中的物質傳遞是怎麼發生的？生態系統理存在多種不同物質循環。元素及化合物所組成的營養物，在空氣、水、土地、岩石以及生物間循環，稱為營養循環。另外常見的還有水循環、炭循環以及氮循環
3-7How do scientists study ecosystems?
Scientists use field research,laboratory research,and mathematical and other models to learn about ecosystems.科學家們利用實地調研，實驗室研究，數學模型和其他模型，了解生態系統。＊Some scientists study ecosystems in the laboratory.一些科學家研究生態系統在實驗室裡。During the past 50 years,ecologists have increasingly supplemented field research by using laboratory research to set up,observe,and make measurements of model ecosystems and populations under laboratory conditions.在過去50年來，生態學家越來越多的補充實地研究利用實驗室研究設立，觀察，並進行測量模式的生態系統和人口在實驗室條件下進行。＊Some scientists use models to simulate ecosystems.一些科學家利用模型模擬生態系統。Since the late 1960s,ecologists have developes mathematical and other models that simulate ecosystems.自1960年代末期以來，生態學家已經發育的數學模型和其他模型模擬生態系統。＊We need to learn more about the health of the world's ecosystems.我們需要更多地了解健康的世界生態系統。We need baseline data on the condition of world's ecosystems to see how they are changing and to develop effective strategies for preventing or slowing their degradation.我們需要的基準數據的狀況，世界上的生態系統，看看它們如何變化，並制定有效的戰略，以防止或減緩其退化。
地理作業2-3～2-5
2-3 How Can Matter Change?
We can change elements and compounds from one physical or chemical form to another, but we can never create or destroy any of the atoms involved in any physical or chemical change. All we can do is rearrange the elements and compounds into different spatial patterns (physical changer) or combinations (chemical changes). These statements, based on many thousands of measurements, describe a scientific law known as the law of conservation of matter:when a physical or chemical change occurs, no atoms are created or destroyed.
This law means there is no "away" as in "to throw away." Everything we think we have thrown away remains here with us in some form. We can reuse or recycle some materials and chemicals but the law of conservation of matter means we will always face the problem of what to do with some quantity of the wastes and pollutants we produce
翻譯:我們能改變元素和化合物從一個物理或者化學形式到另一個， 但是我們永遠不能建立或者破壞任何涉及任何物理或者化學變化的原子。 我們能做的全部重新安排進不同空間圖案(物質變換器)的元素和化合物 或者結合(化學變化) . 這些陳述， 基於數千尺寸， 描述以這條物質守恆定律著稱的科學法律︰到那時物質或者化學變化發生當時，沒有原子被創造或者被破壞。
這法律表明不可能" 離開" 當時在裡" 拋棄。 " 我們已經拋棄的我們想的一切與我們一起呆在這裡以一些形式。 我們能重新使用或者再循環一些材料和化學製品，但是物質守恆定律表示， 永遠面臨由於我們生產的浪費和污染物的一些數量做什麼的問題
研討: 我想是因為物質與能量的守恆定律, 我們應要去多做資源回收再去再生分解再利用, 如此一來可以減輕地球的負擔同時也減少了我們對地球的汙染!
2-4 What is Energy and how can it change form?
Energy comes in many forms. Energy is the capacity to do work or transfer heat. There are two major types of energy:moving energy and stored energy. Some types of energy are more useful than others. Energy quality is a measure of an energy source's capacity to do useful work. High-quality energy is concentrated and can perform much useful work. Low-quality energy is dispersed and has little capacity to do useful work. Energy changes are governed by two scientific laws. Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations. This scientific law tells us that when one form of energy is converted to another form in any physical or chemical change,energy input always equals energy output.
2-5 How can we use matter and energy more sustainably?
We can shift to matter-recycling and reuse economies. A temporary solution to this problem is to convert a linear throughput economy into a circular matter recycling and reuse economy,which mimics nature by recycling and reusing most matter outputs instead of dumping them into the environment. We can use scientific lessons from nature to shift to more sustainable societies.The three scientific laws governing matter and energy changes and the four scientific principles of sustainability suggest that the best long-term solution to our environmental and resource problems is to shift from an economy based on increasing matter and energy flow to a more sustainable low-throughput economy,as summarized in 2-9.
翻譯: 我們能對事情再循環轉移並且重新使用經濟。 一個暫時的解決這個問題的方法 將把線的流量經濟轉變成可傳閱的事情再循環並且重新使用經濟， 善於模仿的人自然以再循環和重新使用大多數事情產量代替丟下他們進環境。 我們能使用科學課從自然隨著可持續社會的更移動。 管理事情的3 條科學法律和能量改變，持續的4 個科學原則建議 那最好的長期的解決我們的環境和資源問題的方法 從基於增加事情的經濟變換和能量流到更可持續的低流量的經濟，象在2-9 總結的那樣。
We can change elements and compounds from one physical or chemical form to another, but we can never create or destroy any of the atoms involved in any physical or chemical change. All we can do is rearrange the elements and compounds into different spatial patterns (physical changer) or combinations (chemical changes). These statements, based on many thousands of measurements, describe a scientific law known as the law of conservation of matter:when a physical or chemical change occurs, no atoms are created or destroyed.
This law means there is no "away" as in "to throw away." Everything we think we have thrown away remains here with us in some form. We can reuse or recycle some materials and chemicals but the law of conservation of matter means we will always face the problem of what to do with some quantity of the wastes and pollutants we produce
翻譯:我們能改變元素和化合物從一個物理或者化學形式到另一個， 但是我們永遠不能建立或者破壞任何涉及任何物理或者化學變化的原子。 我們能做的全部重新安排進不同空間圖案(物質變換器)的元素和化合物 或者結合(化學變化) . 這些陳述， 基於數千尺寸， 描述以這條物質守恆定律著稱的科學法律︰到那時物質或者化學變化發生當時，沒有原子被創造或者被破壞。
這法律表明不可能" 離開" 當時在裡" 拋棄。 " 我們已經拋棄的我們想的一切與我們一起呆在這裡以一些形式。 我們能重新使用或者再循環一些材料和化學製品，但是物質守恆定律表示， 永遠面臨由於我們生產的浪費和污染物的一些數量做什麼的問題
研討: 我想是因為物質與能量的守恆定律, 我們應要去多做資源回收再去再生分解再利用, 如此一來可以減輕地球的負擔同時也減少了我們對地球的汙染!
2-4 What is Energy and how can it change form?
Energy comes in many forms. Energy is the capacity to do work or transfer heat. There are two major types of energy:moving energy and stored energy. Some types of energy are more useful than others. Energy quality is a measure of an energy source's capacity to do useful work. High-quality energy is concentrated and can perform much useful work. Low-quality energy is dispersed and has little capacity to do useful work. Energy changes are governed by two scientific laws. Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations. This scientific law tells us that when one form of energy is converted to another form in any physical or chemical change,energy input always equals energy output.
2-5 How can we use matter and energy more sustainably?
We can shift to matter-recycling and reuse economies. A temporary solution to this problem is to convert a linear throughput economy into a circular matter recycling and reuse economy,which mimics nature by recycling and reusing most matter outputs instead of dumping them into the environment. We can use scientific lessons from nature to shift to more sustainable societies.The three scientific laws governing matter and energy changes and the four scientific principles of sustainability suggest that the best long-term solution to our environmental and resource problems is to shift from an economy based on increasing matter and energy flow to a more sustainable low-throughput economy,as summarized in 2-9.
翻譯: 我們能對事情再循環轉移並且重新使用經濟。 一個暫時的解決這個問題的方法 將把線的流量經濟轉變成可傳閱的事情再循環並且重新使用經濟， 善於模仿的人自然以再循環和重新使用大多數事情產量代替丟下他們進環境。 我們能使用科學課從自然隨著可持續社會的更移動。 管理事情的3 條科學法律和能量改變，持續的4 個科學原則建議 那最好的長期的解決我們的環境和資源問題的方法 從基於增加事情的經濟變換和能量流到更可持續的低流量的經濟，象在2-9 總結的那樣。
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